Carragelose scientific publications
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8 min read
This list brings together the main scientific publications on iota-carrageenan and its applications in the fields of immunology and virology.
It includes clinical, preclinical, and in vitro studies, data analyses, and literature reviews published in international peer-reviewed journals or presented at scientific conferences.
The work presented covers ENT and respiratory diseases, viral infections (colds, influenza, SARS-CoV-2), as well as the prophylactic and therapeutic uses of iota-carrageenan-based devices and formulations.
The publications are classified by year, field, and type of study to facilitate reading and consultation.
This bibliography reflects the current state of available scientific knowledge and aims to provide a transparent and documented source of information for healthcare professionals, researchers, industrial partners, and institutional stakeholders.
| Year | Section | Type | Title | Reference | DOI / Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2025 | Virology Related | Journal | Prophylactic Intranasal Treatment with Iota-Carrageenan for Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Viral Infections | Open Journal of Respiratory Diseases, 2025, 15(1), 35-47 | |
| 2024 | Immunology Marinomed | Preprint | Demonstration of a decongestant effect of Coldamaris Akut compared to saline nasal spray in participants suffering from seasonal allergic rhinitis | Unger-Manhart, N. et al., medRxiv 2024.05.03.24306805 | https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.05.03.24306805 |
| 2024 | Immunology Marinomed | Journal | Carrageenan-Containing Nasal Spray Alleviates Allergic Symptoms in Participants with Grass Pollen Allergy: A Randomized, Controlled, Crossover Clinical Trial | Unger-Manhart, N. et al., Int J Gen Med. 2024;17:419-428 | Carrageenan-containing nasal spray, grass pollen allergy | IJGM | Dove Medical Press |
| 2023 | Immunology Marinomed | Poster | Decongestant effect of treatment with sorbitol-containing Carragelose® nasal spray (Poster) | N. Unger-Manhart et al. 2023 | Decongestant Effect of “Coldamaris Akut”, a Carrageenan- and Sorbitol-Containing Nasal Spray in Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis – PubMed |
| 2023 | Immunology Marinomed | Poster | Carragelose® nasal spray is effective in reducing allergic nasal symptoms (Poster) | N. Unger-Manhart et al. 2023 | Carrageenan-Containing Nasal Spray Alleviates Allergic Symptoms in Participants with Grass Pollen Allergy: A Randomized, Controlled, Crossover Clinical Trial – PMC |
| 2023 | Virology Marinomed | Journal | Iota-Carrageenan Inhibits Replication of the SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern Omicron BA.1, BA.2 and BA.5 | Setz, C. et al., Nutraceuticals 2023, 3, 315-328 | Iota-Carrageenan Inhibits Replication of the SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern Omicron BA.1, BA.2 and BA.5 |
| 2023 | Virology Related | Journal | Biological activity of algal derived carrageenan: A comprehensive review in light of human health and disease | Pradhan et al., International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 238 (2023), 124085 | Biological activity of algal derived carrageenan: A comprehensive review in light of human health and disease – PubMed |
| 2022 | Virology Related | Journal | Iota-carrageenan extracted from red algae is a potent inhibitor of SARS‐CoV-2 infection in reconstituted human airway epithelia | Bovard et al., Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports, Volume 29, 2022, 101187 | Iota-carrageenan extracted from red algae is a potent inhibitor of SARS‐CoV-2 infection in reconstituted human airway epithelia – ScienceDirect |
| 2021 | Virology Marinomed | Journal | Iota-Carrageenan Inhibits Replication of SARS-CoV-2 and the Respective Variants of Concern Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta | Fröba et al., Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 13202 | Iota-Carrageenan Inhibits Replication of SARS-CoV-2 and the Respective Variants of Concern Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta |
| 2021 | Virology Marinomed | Journal | The Saliva of Probands Sucking an Iota-Carrageenan Containing Lozenge Inhibits Viral Binding and Replication of the Most Predominant Common Cold Viruses and SARS-CoV-2 | Morokutti-Kurz M et al., Int J Gen Med. 2021;14:5241-5249 |
Iota-Carrageenan Containing Lozenges for Colds and COVID-19 | IJGM | Dove Medical Press |
| 2021 | Virology Marinomed | Journal | Iota-carrageenan neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 and inhibits viral replication in vitro | Morokutti-Kurz et al., PLoS ONE, 2021, 16(2): e0237480. | Iota-carrageenan neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 and inhibits viral replication in vitro | PLOS One |
| 2021 | Virology Related | Journal | Efficacy of a Nasal Spray Containing Iota-Carrageenan in the Postexposure Prophylaxis of COVID-19 in Hospital Personnel Dedicated to Patients Care with COVID-19 Disease | Figueroa et al., Int J Gen Med. 2021;14:6277-6286 | Nasal spray containing Iota-Carrageenan & COVID-19 | IJGM | Dove Medical Press |
| 2021 | Virology Related | Journal | Nasal therapy — The missing link in optimising strategies to improve prevention and treatment of COVID-19 | Ratcliffe et al., PLoS Pathog 2021; 17(11): e1010079 | Nasal therapy—The missing link in optimising strategies to improve prevention and treatment of COVID-19 | PLOS Pathogens |
| 2021 | Virology Related | Journal | Lectin from Triticum vulgaris (WGA) Inhibits Infection with SARS-CoV-2 and Its Variants of Concern Alpha and Beta | Auth, J. et al., Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 10205. | Lectin from Triticum vulgaris (WGA) Inhibits Infection with SARS-CoV-2 and Its Variants of Concern Alpha and Beta |
| 2021 | Virology Related | Preprint | A randomized trial – intensive treatment based in Ivermectin and Iota-Carrageenan as pre-exposure prophylaxis for Covid-19 in healthcare agents | Chahla et al., medRxiv 2021; 03.26.21254398 | https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.26.21254398 A RANDOMIZED TRIAL – INTENSIVE TREATMENT BASED IN IVERMECTIN AND IOTA-CARRAGEENAN AS PRE-EXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS FOR COVID- 19 IN HEALTHCARE AGENTS | medRxiv |
| 2021 | Virology Related | Report | Use of gargle solutions and nasal sprays – two other allies in the defense against viral colds even in times of Covid-19 (German Only) | M. Suchomel et. al; Austrian Society for Hygiene, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine |
https://www.oeghmp.at/media/anwendung_von_gurgel-loesungen_und_nasensprays.pdf |
| 2021 | Virology Related | Journal | Carrageenan nasal spray may double the rate of recovery from coronavirus and influenza virus infections: Re-analysis of randomized trial data | Hemilä et al., Pharmacology Research & Perspectives 2021 | DOI: 10.1002/prp2.810 Carrageenan nasal spray may double the rate of recovery from coronavirus and influenza virus infections: Re‐analysis of randomized trial data – Hemilä – 2021 – Pharmacology Research & Perspectives – Wiley Online Library |
| 2021 | Virology Related | Journal | Griffithsin and Carrageenan Combination Results in Antiviral Synergy against SARS-CoV-1 and 2 in a Pseudoviral Model | Alsaidi et al., Mar. Drugs 2021, 19, 418. | Griffithsin and Carrageenan Combination Results in Antiviral Synergy against SARS-CoV-1 and 2 in a Pseudoviral Model |
| 2021 | Virology Related | Journal | Polymeric Materials as Potential Inhibitors Against SARS-CoV-2 | Umar et al., Journal of polymers and the environment, 1-20. 9 Sep. 2021 | doi:10.1007/s10924-021-02272-6 Polymeric Materials as Potential Inhibitors Against SARS-CoV-2 | Journal of Polymers and the Environment | Springer Nature Link |
| 2021 | Virology Related | Journal | Natural Derived Nasal Spray; A Proposed Approach for COVID-19 Disease Control | Hoseini-Tavassol et al., Infectious Disorders – Drug Targets, 2021, 20, 1-7 | Natural Derived Nasal Spray; A Proposed Approach for COVID-19 Disease Control | Bentham Science |
| 2021 | Virology Related | Journal | Carrageenan containing over-the-counter nasal and oral sprays inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection of airway epithelial cultures | Schütz et al., American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, 2021 | Carrageenan-containing over-the-counter nasal and oral sprays inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection of airway epithelial cultures | American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology | American Physiological Society |
| 2021 | Virology Related | Journal | Safety and efficacy of iota-carrageenan nasal spray in treatment and prevention of the common cold | Bichiri et al., Med Pharm Rep. 2021 Jan; 94(1): 28–34. | Safety and efficacy of iota-carrageenan nasal spray in treatment and prevention of the common cold | Medicine and Pharmacy Reports |
| 2021 | Virology Related | Clinical trial | PVP-I and Iota-Carrageenan Improve Subjective Clinical Symptoms In COVID-19 Emergency Hospital Wisma Atlet, Indonesia: A Single-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial. | Amtha et al., Teikyo Medical Journal; 2021, 44 (05), 1659-1669 | Carrageenan nasal spray may double the rate of recovery from coronavirus and influenza virus infections: Re‐analysis of randomized trial data – Hemilä – 2021 – Pharmacology Research & Perspectives – Wiley Online Library |
| 2021 | Virology Related | Journal | Virucidal gargling and virucidal nasal spray | Kramer et al., GMS Hygiene and Infection Control 2021, Vol. 16, ISSN 2196-5226 | GMS | GMS Hygiene and Infection Control | Virucidal gargling and virucidal nasal spray |
| 2020 | Virology Related | Journal | Application prospect of polysaccharides in the development of anti-novel coronavirus drugs and vaccines | Chen et al., International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2020, 164, 331-343 | Application prospect of polysaccharides in the development of anti-novel coronavirus drugs and vaccines – ScienceDirect |
| 2020 | Virology Related | Journal | Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Topical Ivermectin + Iota-Carrageenan in the Prophylaxis against COVID-19 in Health Personnel | Carvallo et al., Journal of Biomedical Research and Clinical Investigation 2020; Volume 2 Isue 1.1007 | (PDF) Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Topical Ivermectin + Iota- Carrageenan in the Prophylaxis against COVID-19 in Health Personnel |
| 2020 | Virology Related | Journal | SARS-CoV-2 Infection Depends on Cellular Heparan Sulfate and ACE2 | Clausen et al., Cell 2020, 2020.09.033 | SARS-CoV-2 Infection Depends on Cellular Heparan Sulfate and ACE2: Cell |
| 2020 | Virology Related | Journal | Carrageenans as Broad-Spectrum Microbicides: Current Status and Challenges | Lee, Marine Drugs 2020, 18, 435 | Carrageenans as Broad-Spectrum Microbicides: Current Status and Challenges |
| 2020 | Virology Related | Preprint | Iota-carrageenan and Xylitol inhibit SARS-CoV-2 in cell culture | Bansal et al., bioRxiv. 2020; 10.1101/2020.08.19.225854 | Iota-carrageenan and Xylitol inhibit SARS-CoV-2 in cell culture | bioRxiv |
| 2020 | Virology Related | Journal | Covid 19 and Ivermectin Prevention and Treatment Update | Hirsch et al., Journal of Infectious Diseases & Travel Medicine 2020, 4 (S1): 000S1-007 | |
| 2020 | Virology Related | Journal | The COVID 19 novel coronavirus pandemic 2020: seaweeds to the rescue? Why does substantial, supporting research about the antiviral properties of seaweed polysaccharides seem to go unrecognized by the pharmaceutical community in these desperate times? | Pereira, L., Critchley, A.T., Journal of Applied Phycology 2020 | The COVID 19 novel coronavirus pandemic 2020: seaweeds to the rescue? Why does substantial, supporting research about the antiviral properties of seaweed polysaccharides seem to go unrecognized by the pharmaceutical community in these desperate times? | Journal of Applied Phycology | Springer Nature Link |
| 2020 | Virology Related | Journal | Iota-Carrageenan as an Antiviral Treatment for the Common Cold | Eccles, The Open Virology Journal 2020, 14:9 | Iota-Carrageenan as an Antiviral Treatment for the Common Cold |
| 2018 | Virology Marinomed | Journal | Development of a nasal spray containing xylometazoline hydrochloride and iota- carrageenan for the symptomatic relief of nasal congestion caused by rhinitis and sinusitis | Graf et al., International Journal of General Medicine 2018, 11:275–28 | Development of a nasal spray containing xylometazoline hydrochloride a | IJGM | Dove Medical Press |
| 2017 | Virology Marinomed | Journal | Amylmetacresol/2,4-dichlorobenzyl alcohol, hexylresorcinol, or carrageenan lozenges as active treatments for sore throat | Morokutti-Kurz et al., International Journal of General Medicine 2017, 10:53–60 | Amylmetacresol/2,4-dichlorobenzyl alcohol, hexylresorcinol, or carrage | IJGM | Dove Medical Press |
| 2015 | Virology Marinomed | Journal | The Intranasal Application of Zanamivir and Carrageenan Is Synergistically Active against Influenza A Virus in the Murine Model | Morokutti-Kurz et al., PLOS one 2015, 10:6 | The Intranasal Application of Zanamivir and Carrageenan Is Synergistically Active against Influenza A Virus in the Murine Model | PLOS One |
| 2015 | Virology Marinomed | Journal | Non-Clinical Safety Evaluation of Intranasal Iota-Carrageenan | Hebar et al., PLOS one 2015, 10:4 | Non-Clinical Safety Evaluation of Intranasal Iota-Carrageenan | PLOS One |
| 2015 | Virology Related | Journal | Efficacy and safety of iota-carrageenan nasal spray versus placebo in early treatment of the common cold in adults: the ICICC trial | Eccles et al., Respiratory Research 2015, 16:121 | Efficacy and safety of iota-carrageenan nasal spray versus placebo in early treatment of the common cold in adults: the ICICC trial | Respiratory Research | Springer Nature Link |
| 2014 | Virology Marinomed | Journal | Carrageenan nasal spray in virus confirmed common cold: individual patient data analysis of two randomized controlled trials | Koenighofer et al., Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine 2014, 9:57 | Carrageenan nasal spray in virus confirmed common cold: individual patient data analysis of two randomized controlled trials | Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine | Springer Nature Link |
| 2013 | Virology Marinomed | Journal | Efficacy of a Carrageenan nasal spray in patients with common cold: a randomized controlled trial | Ludwig et al., Respiratory Research 2013, 14:124 | Efficacy of a Carrageenan nasal spray in patients with common cold: a randomized controlled trial | Respiratory Research | Springer Nature Link |
| 2013 | Virology Marinomed | Journal | Combination of a corticosteroid and an anti-viral intranasal therapy | Nakowitsch et al. 2013 | Complications of combination intranasal corticosteroids and anti-retroviral therapy – PubMed |
| 2012 | Virology Marinomed | Journal | Lessons learned from a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled study with a iota-carrageenan nasal spray as medical device in children with acute symptoms of common cold |
Fazekas et al., BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2012, 12:147 |
Lessons learned from a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled study with a iota-carrageenan nasal spray as medical device in children with acute symptoms of common cold | BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies | Springer Nature Link |
| 2010 | Virology Marinomed | Journal | Iota-Carrageenan Is a Potent Inhibitor of Influenza A Virus Infection |
Leibbrandt et al., PLOS one 2010, 5:12 |
Iota-Carrageenan Is a Potent Inhibitor of Influenza A Virus Infection | PLOS One |
| 2010 | Virology Marinomed | Journal | Efficacy and safety of an antiviral Iota-Carrageenan nasal spray: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled exploratory study in volunteers with early symptoms of the common cold |
Eccles et al., Respiratory Research 2010, 11:108 |
Efficacy and safety of an antiviral Iota-Carrageenan nasal spray: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled exploratory study in volunteers with early symptoms of the common cold | Respiratory Research | Springer Nature Link |
| 2008 | Virology Marinomed | Journal | Iota-Carrageenan is a potent inhibitor of rhinovirus infection |
Grassauer et al., Virology Journal 2008, 5:107 |
Iota-Carrageenan is a potent inhibitor of rhinovirus infection | Virology Journal | Springer Nature Link |